As earlier mentioned, social comparison theory festinger, 1954 posits that individuals have a natural drive to compare their own attributes and abilities with the abilities and attributes of others. Jul 06, 2019 festinger and carlsmith cognitive dissonancecognitive consequences of forced compliance. Oct 28, 2017 the impact of facebook on social comparison and happiness. Social comparison theory festinger was the first to coin the term social comparison however, the general concepts can be traced back to aristotle and plato. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Social comparison the comparative nature of selfviews means that people must consult the social world to gain selfknowledge. Work does social media enhance leon festingers social. According to festingers social comparison theory people. Wish, expectation and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration,journal of abnormal and social psychology, 1942, 37, 184200. According to festingers social comparison theory people often. Festinger based his theory on nine hypotheses see table 4. Theory and research concerning social comparisons of. Apr 08, 2017 the social comparison theory was developed by social psychologist leon festinger. Human relations entitled a theory of social comparison processes.
Social comparison theory has evolved considerably since festinger 1954 originally proposed it. Many criticisms arose regarding festingers similarity hypothesis. This insight forms the heart of festinger s social comparison theory festinger, 1954. A social comparison approach to organizational choice under what circumstances does social information affect choices. Leon festingers social comparison theory the psychology. Social comparison theory essay sample new york essays. Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal. Pdf a theory of social comparison processes semantic scholar. Social comparison is an aspect of social perception, and has developed from a theory initially proposed by social psychologist leon festinger in 1954.
Teori perbandingan sosial festinger1950, 1954 menyebutkanbahwateori perbandingansosial prosessalingmempengaruhi. Deutsch and krauss argued that people actually seek out dissimilar others in their comparisons maintaining that this is important for providing valuable selfknowledge, as demonstrated in research. A theory of social comparison processes center for human science. Contributors describe how the original social comparison theory formulated by leon festinger in the early 1950s has been modified as a result of new insights from attribution, social cognition, and self theories. The theory is a term referring to the process through which people come to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and beliefs in comparison with others cherry, n. His theories and research are credited with renouncing the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulusresponse conditioning accounts of human behavior.
Social comparison theory an overview sciencedirect topics. This chapter is a reminder of social comparison theorys foundations in group. May 04, 2020 at the university of minnesota, festinger developed social comparison theory, his second major contribution to social psychology. Social comparison allows us to either learn about ourselves or feel good about ourselves, but rarely both.
The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. Apr 21, 2019 the following article by leon festinger and james m. May 25, 2020 social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist leon festinger and suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. Festingers social comparison theory dealt with comparison within groups and other facetoface comparisons. Social comparison theory was first popularized by psychologist leon festinger in 1954 festinger 1954. Social comparison theory states that individuals determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others. According to festingers social comparison theory, people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger, 1954. Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist leon festinger in 1954, centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate selfevaluations. According to leon festingeras 1954 social comparison theory, we have a need to evaluate our opinions and abilities, to figure out our strengths and weaknesses, in order to have an accurate view of ourselves. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. Festinger 1954 used the theory to explain shifts in members opinions. Social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist leon festinger and suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. Festingers social comparison theory festingers social comparison theory is a successor of his theory of informal social communication.
All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Social comparison theory and drive for self evaluation. Festinger defined two types of comparisons upward comparisons and downward comparisons. In contrast, social comparison theory emphasized how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities against those of others. Other authors recognized that people may compare themselves with members of groups they do not belong to or with social categoriesindividuals who share a social status but who have no social interaction merton 1957. Leon festinger and james carlsmith proposed the term cognitive dissonance which is every individual has his or her festinger, l. Social comparison teori perbandingan sosial festinger 1950, 1954. Festingers social comparison theory psychology essay. Although festinger 1954 was the first to name the theory of social comparison, the concept of comparison with others has existed since the first social philosophers.
The discoveries of leon festinger the discoveries of leon festinger hafsa khan nova southeastern. In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning. A social and psychological study of a modern group that predicted the destruction of the world is a 1956 classic book in social psychology by leon festinger, henry riecken, and stanley schachter about a ufo cult that believes the end of the world is at hand. A recent test of social information processing theory showed little effect of anonymous social cues. Such comparisons typically occur within groups and in facetoface situations with similar others. Social comparison theory the theory that i had chosen to discuss and research about would happen to be the social comparison theory. Read online a theory of social comparison processes leon festinger book pdf free download link book now. Sct proposes that there is a primitive drive within individuals to compare themselves with others in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities.
Social comparison festinger 1954 proposed that people are drawn into habits of mental comparisons of alternatives mainly because they are driven by the need for selfevaluation. Early research in social psychology on level of aspiration and on reference groups contributed to leon festingers social comparison theory, which he proposed in 1954. People sometimes compare themselves to others as a way of. Wood state university of new york at stony brook social comparison theory has evolved considerably since festinger 1954 originally proposed it. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger. Media use, social comparison, cognitive dissonance and peer. Article information, pdf download for a theory of social comparison. The discoveries of leon festinger the discoveries of. According to festingers theory of social comparison people gain selfknowledge and selfawareness by comparing themselves to others.
The development of social comparison hinged on several sociopsychological processes, and in order to create this theory, festinger was influenced by research that focused on social communication festinger, 1950, group dynamics, conformity and the autokinetic effect sherif, 1936, compliant behavior, social groups, independence and. A theory of social comparison processes leon festinger pdf. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these. Media use, social comparison, cognitive dissonance and. Social comparison theory assumes that people tend to evaluate their successes, failures and opinions in relation to others festinger, 1954. Festinger argued that humans have a drive to evaluate their opinions and abilities. User hailley marie fargo has updated does social media enhance leon festingers social comparison theory. Carlsmith is the classic study on reprinted from journal of abnormal and social psychology, 58. A theory of social comparison processes, retrieved september 12, 2007, from hum. Proses saling mempengaruhi dan perilaku saling bersaing dalam interaksi sosial ditimbulkan oleh adanya kebutuhan untuk menilai diri sendiri selfevaluation kebutuhan ini dapat dipenuhi dengan membandingkan diri dengan orang lain. Does social media enhance leon festingers social comparison.
Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Obsessing over goals is the opposite of selfimprovement. Feb 21, 2014 the social comparison theory was proposed by the social psychologist leon festinger in 1954. In this theory, it simply asserts that the process in which people learn about themselves by comparing themselves to other members of society. A theory of cognitive dissonance leon festinger download. In the seminal work on social comparison, festinger 1954 suggested that when individuals are uncertain about their opin ions or abilities, they will compare themselves with others to. This states that people evaluate their own abilities and attitude relative to other peoples. Social comparison theory in psychology verywell mind. Jun 11, 2017 a lot of earlier research had impact on festingers formulation of the social comparison theory, and these include studies on social groups, group dynamics, social communication, conformity and the autokinetic effect, compliant behavior, level of aspiration, and independence and dependence in response to unanimous majority. In this paper we shall present a further development of a previously published theory concerning opinion influence processes in social groups 7. Plato spoke of selfunderstanding and absolute standards. Much of festingers early work focused on individuals comparing their.
The old one states that members of a particular group would want to be parallel with each other because a uniform agreement must be made so that the group is able to come up with a. According to the textbook, research findings on the self. Jan 08, 2020 the following article by leon festinger and james m. Social comparison theory festinger, 1954 posits that people strive to gain selfknowledge by comparing themselves with similar others, who usually offer the highest diagnostic information about oneself wills, 1981. Informal social communication theory was about the power of the group over the person. Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes joanne v. This insight forms the heart of festingers social comparison theory festinger, 1954. Jun 01, 2019 festingers influential social comparison theory can cognitkva viewed as an extension of his prior theory related to the reliance on social reality for evaluating attitudes and opinions to the realm disojancia abilities. People make all kinds of judgments about themselves, and one of the key ways that we do this is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in. According to festinger s theory of social comparison people gain selfknowledge and selfawareness by comparing themselves to others. People prefer to compare themselves to others in a close proximity such as coworkers, friends, family members, etc. The following article by leon festinger and james m. Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Leon festinger 8 may 1919 11 february 1989 was an american social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory.
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